Share:


Greenwashing behaviours: causes, taxonomy and consequences based on a systematic literature review

    Zhi Yang Affiliation
    ; Thi Thu Huong Nguyen Affiliation
    ; Hoang Nam Nguyen Affiliation
    ; Thi Thuy Nga Nguyen Affiliation
    ; Thi Thanh Cao Affiliation

Abstract

This study used the systematic review methodology to examine peer-reviewed journal articles published in the Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer and Emerald Insight during the 2000–2020 period to analyse greenwashing. In an open market, the behaviours of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), private firms and multinational corporations (MNCs) pose an implicit greenwashing threat. Our focal point is to analyse corporate greenwashing in MNCs in host emerging markets, particularly in Asia, for two reasons. First, reports of greenwashing have increased around the world since Volkswagen was revealed to have falsified automobile emissions data. Second, MNCs play an important role in expanding market size and their behaviour is increasingly unpredictable. The analysis shows that MNCs tend to engage in greenwashing immediately after doing business in host emerging markets characterised by restricted regulations, clear market opportunities and low competitive pressure. When greenwashing occurs, it will harm the interests of not only consumers, but also society as a whole, despite offering significant benefits to existing stakeholders. In this case, the authorities should implement regulations to confront MNCs before attracting them, which should be enforced in practice.

Keyword : green marketing, greenwashing behaviour, environmental performance, corporate communication, corporate social responsibility, business ethics, sustainability

How to Cite
Yang, Z., Nguyen, T. T. H., Nguyen, H. N., Nguyen, T. T. N., & Cao, T. T. (2020). Greenwashing behaviours: causes, taxonomy and consequences based on a systematic literature review. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(5), 1486-1507. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13225
Published in Issue
Sep 28, 2020
Abstract Views
25563
PDF Downloads
18886
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Ackers, B. (2009). Corporate social responsibility assurance: How do South African publicly listed companies compare? Meditari Accountancy Research, 17, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/10222529200900009

Akturan, U. (2018) How does greenwashing affect green branding equity and purchase intention? An empirical research. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36, 809–824. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2017-0339

Alons, G. (2017). Environmental policy integration in the EU’s common agricultural policy: Greening or greenwashing? Journal of European Public Policy, 24(11), 1604–1622. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1334085

Archel, P., Husillos, J., & Spence, C. (2011). The institutionalisation of unaccountability: Loading the dice of Corporate Social Responsibility discourse. Accounting Organizations & Society, 36, 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2011.06.003

Ariztía, T., Kleine, D., Brightwell, M. D. G. S. L., Agloni, N., Afonso, R., & Bartholo, R. (2014). Ethical consumption in Brazil and Chile: institutional contexts anddevelopment trajectories. Journal of Cleaner Production, 63, 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.040

Barrage, L., Chyn, E., & Hastings, J. (2014). Advertising, reputation, and environmental stewardship: Evidence from the BP oil spill. Social Science Electronic Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19838

Berrone, P., Fosfuri, A., & Gelabert, L. (2015). Does greenwashing pay off? Understanding the relationship between environmental actions and environmental legitimacy. Journal of Business Ethics, 144, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2816-9

Blome, C., Kai, F., & Schleper, M. C. (2017). Antecedents of green supplier championing and greenwashing: An empirical study on leadership and ethical incentives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 152, 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.052

Boiral, O., & Henri, J. F. (2012). Modelling the impact of ISO 14001 on environmental performance: a comparative approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 99, 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.007

Bowen, F., & Aragon-Correa, J. A. (2014). Greenwashing in corporate environmentalism research and practice: The importance of what we say and do. Organization & Environment, 27, 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026614537078

Brécard, D. (2017). Consumer misperception of eco-labels, green market structure and welfare. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 51, 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-017-9328-8

Bromley, P.,& Powell, W. W. (2012). From smoke and mirrors to walking the talk: Decoupling in the contemporary world. Academy of Management Annals, 6, 483–530. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2012.684462

Brown, T. J., & Dacin, P. A. (1997). The company and the product: Corporate associations and consumer product responses. Journal of Marketing, 61, 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299706100106

Busch, T., & Hoffmann, V. H. (2009). Ecology-driven real options: An investment framework for incorporating uncertainties in the context of the natural environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0043-y

Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., & Esposito, E. (2017). Environmental sustainability in the service industry of transportation and logistics service providers: Systematic literature review and research directions. Transportation Research Part D Transport & Environment, 53, 454–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.032

Chan, E. S. W. (2013). Managing green marketing: Hong Kong hotel managers’ perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 442–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.12.007

Chen, H., Bernard, S., & Rahman, I. (2019). Greenwashing in hotels: A structural model of trust and behavioral intentions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.168

Chen, Y. S., & Chang, C. H. (2012). Enhance green purchase intentions: The roles of green perceived value, green perceived risk, and green trust. Management Decision, 50, 502–520. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211216250

Chen, Y. S., & Chang, C. H. (2013). Greenwash and green trust: The mediation effects of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 114, 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1360-0

Chen, Y. S., Lin, C. L., & Chang, C. H. (2014). The influence of greenwash on green word-of-mouth (green WOM): the mediation effects of green perceived quality and green satisfaction. Quality & Quantity, 48, 2411–2425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9898-1

Chen, Y. S., Tien, W. P., Lee, Y. I., & Tsai, M. N. (2017). Greenwash and green brand equity. In Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (pp. 1797–1803). https://doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2016.7806783

Cho, C. H., & Patten, D. M. (2007). The role of environmental disclosures as tools of legitimacy: A research note. Accounting Organizations & Society, 32, 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2006.09.009

Christmann, P., & Taylor, G. (2006). Firm self-regulation through international certifiable standards: determinants of symbolic versus substantive implementation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 863–878. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400231

Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., Richardson, G. D., & Vasvari, F. P. (2008). Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: An empirical analysis. Accounting Organizations & Society, 33(4–5), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003

Cliath, A. G. (2007). Seeing shades: Ecological and socially just labeling. Organization & Environment, 20, 413–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026607309406

Coates, P., Cole, T., Dudley, M., & Pearson, C. (2011). Defending nation, defending nature? Militarized landscapes and military environmentalism in Britain, France, and the United States. Environmental History, 16(3), 456–491. https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emr038

Contrafatto, M. (2014). The institutionalization of social and environmental reporting: An Italian narrative. Accounting Organizations & Society, 39, 414–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2014.01.002

Dahl, R. (2010). Green washing: Do you know what you’re buying? Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, A246. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.118-a246

Dangelico, R. M., & Vocalelli, D. (2017). “Green Marketing”: An analysis of definitions, strategy steps, and tools through a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 1263– 1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.184

Davis, J. J. (1992). Ethics and environmental marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872314

De Freitas Netto, S. V., Sobral, M. F. F., Ribeiro, A. R. B., & Soares, G. R. D. L. (2020) Concepts and forms of greenwashing: a systematic review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-0300-3

Delmas, M. A., & Burbano, V. C. (2011). The drivers of greenwashing. California Management Review, 54, 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2011.54.1.64

Delmas, M. A., & Montes-Sancho, M. J. (2010). Voluntary agreements to improve environmental quality: symbolic and substantive cooperation. Strategic Management Journal, 31, 575–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.826

Du, X. (2015). How the market values greenwashing? Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 128, 547–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2122-y

Du, X., Jian, W., Zeng, Q., & Chang, Y. (2018). Do auditors applaud corporate environmental performance? Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 151, 1049–1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3223-6

Fink, A. (2010). Conducting research literature reviews: from the Internet to paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 792–792. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04033.x

Font, X., Walmsley, A., Cogotti, S., McCombes, L., & Häusler, N. (2012). Corporate social responsibility: the disclosure-performance gap. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1544–1553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.02.012

Gamper-Rabindran, S., & Finger, S. R. (2013). Does industry self-regulation reduce pollution? Responsible Care in the chemical industry. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 43, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-012-9197-0

Geerts, W. (2014). Environmental certification schemes: hotel managers’ views and perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 39, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.02.007

Gillespie, E. (2008). Stemming the tide of ‘Greenwash’. Consumer Policy Review, 18(3), 79–83.

Gosselt, J. F., Rompay, T. V., & Haske, L. (2017). Won’t get fooled again: The effects of internal and external CSR eco-labeling. Journal of Business Ethics, 2, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3512-8

Greer, J., & Bruno, K. (1996). Greenwash: the reality behind corporate environmentalism. Multinational Monitor, 30(9).

Guo, R., Tao, L., Li, C. B., & Wang, L. (2017). A path analysis of greenwashing in a trust crisis among Chinese energy companies: The role of brand legitimacy and brand loyalty. Journal of Business Ethics, 140, 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2672-7

Guo, R., Zhang, W., Wang, T., Li, C. B., & Tao, L. (2018). Timely or considered? Brand trust repair strategies and mechanism after greenwashing in China-from a legitimacy perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 72, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.04.001

Hamann, R., & Kapelus, P. (2004). Corporate social responsibility in mining in Southern Africa: Fair accountability or just greenwash? Development, 47, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100056

Hamilton, S. F., & Zilberman, D. (2006). Green markets, eco-certification, and equilibrium fraud. Journal of Environmental Economics & Management, 52, 627–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2006.05.002

Harris, P. (2015). Militarism in environmental disguise: The greenwashing of an overseas military base. International Political Sociology, 9, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12074

Henri, J. F., & Journeault, M. (2010). Eco-control: The influence of management control systems on environmental and economic performance. Accounting Organizations & Society, 35, 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2009.02.001

Henriques, I., Husted, B. W., & Montiel, I. (2013). Spillover Effects of voluntary environmental programs on greenhouse gas emissions: Lessons from Mexico. Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, 32, 296–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21675

Holme, C. (2010). Corporate social responsibility: a strategic issue or a wasteful distraction? Industrial & Commercial Training, 42, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851011048528

Horiuchi, R., Schuchard, R., Shea, L., & Townsend, S. (2009). Understanding and preventing greenwash. A business guide. Business for Social Responsibility, London, UK.

Hsu, T. (2011). Skepticism grows over products touted as eco-friendly. Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/21/business/la-fi-greenwash-20110521

Husted, B. W., & Allen, D. B. (2009). Strategic corporate social responsibility and value creation: A study of multinational enterprises in Mexico. Management International Review, 49, 781–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-009-0016-5

Jahdi, K. S., & Acikdilli, G. (2009). Marketing communications and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Marriage of convenience or shotgun wedding? Journal of Business Ethics, 88, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0113-1

Jamali, D., & Karam, C. (2018). Corporate social responsibility in developing countries as an emerging field of study. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20, 32–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12112

Jones, D. R. (2012). Looking through the “greenwashing glass cage” of the green league table towards the sustainability challenge for UK universities. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25, 630–647. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534811211239263

Kim, E. H., & Lyon, T. P. (2011). Strategic environmental disclosure: Evidence from the DOE’s voluntary greenhouse gas registry. Journal of Environmental Economics & Management, 61, 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2010.11.001

Kim, E. H., & Lyon, T. P. (2015). Greenwash vs. brownwash: Exaggeration and undue modesty in corporate sustainability disclosure. Organization Science, 26, 705–723. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0949

King, A. A., & Lenox, M. J. (2000). Industry self-regulation without sanctions: The chemical industry’s responsible care program. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 698–716. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556362

Kirchhoff, S. (2000). Green business and blue angels. Environmental & Resource Economics, 15, 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008303614250

Laufer, W. S. (2003). Social accountability and corporate greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 43, 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022962719299

Leonidou, C. N., & Skarmeas, D. (2015). Gray shades of green: Causes and consequences of green skepticism. Journal of Business Ethics, 144, 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2829-4

Lightfoot, S., & Burchell, J. (2004). Green hope or greenwash? The actions of the European Union at the World Summit on sustainable development. Global Environmental Change, 14, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.07.002

Lim, W. M. (2011). Green marketing: issues, developments and avenues for future research. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 11, 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGENVI.2011.043509

Lin, J., Lobo, A., & Leckie, C. (2017). Green brand benefits and their influence on brand loyalty. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35, 425–440. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-09-2016-0174

Lu, J., Chen, G., & Frierson, D. (2008). Response of the zonal mean atmospheric circulation to El Nino versus global warming. Journal of Climate, 21, 5835. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2200.1

Luke, T. W. (2008). The politics of true convenience or inconvenient truth: struggles over how to sustain capitalism, democracy, and ecology in the 21st century. Environment & Planning A, 40, 1811–1824. https://doi.org/10.1068/a40158

Lyon, T. P., & Maxwell, J. W. (2011). Greenwash: Corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20, 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x

Lyon, T. P., & Montgomery, A. W. (2013). Tweetjacked: The impact of social media on corporate greenwash. Journal of Business Ethics, 118, 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1958-x

Lyon, T. P., & Montgomery, A. W. (2015). The means and end of greenwash. Organization & Environment, 28, 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026615575332

Marquis, C., & Toffel, M. W. (2012). When do firms greenwash? Corporate visibility, civil society scrutiny, and environmental disclosure. Social Science Electronic Publishing.

Matejek, S., & Gössling, T. (2014). Beyond legitimacy: A case study in BP’s “green lashing”. Journal of Business Ethics, 120, 571–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-2006-6

Matisoff, D. C. (2012). Privatizing climate change policy: Is there a public benefit? Environmental & Resource Economics, 53, 409–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-012-9568-0

Mccrory, M. A., & Langvardt, K. T. (2012). Cutting out the middle-man: The case for direct business involvement in environmental justice. Business Horizons, 55, 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.02.005

Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340–363. https://doi.org/10.1086/226550

Mitchell, L. D., & Ramey, W. D. (2011). Look how green i am! An Individual-level explanation for greenwashing. Journal of Applied Business & Economics, 12, 40–45.

Nelson, G. C., & Robertson, R. D. (2010). Green gold or green wash: Environmental consequences of biofuels in the developing world. Review of Agricultural Economics, 30, 517–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9353.2008.00426.x

Nguyen, T. T. H., Yang, Z., Nguyen, N., Johnson, L. W., & Cao, T. K. (2019). Greenwash and green purchase intention: The mediating role of green skepticism. Sustainability, 11, 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092653

Nyilasy, G., Gangadharbatla, H., & Paladino, A. (2014). Perceived greenwashing: The interactive effects of green advertising and corporate environmental performance on consumer reactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 125, 693–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1944-3

Painter-Morland, M. (2006). Triple bottom-line reporting as social grammar: integrating corporate social responsibility and corporate codes of conduct. Business Ethics A European Review, 15, 352–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2006.00457.x

Parguel, B., Benoît-Moreau, F., & Larceneux, F. (2011). How sustainability ratings might deter ‘greenwashing’: A closer look at ethical corporate communication. Journal of Business Ethics, 102, 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0901-2

Patten, D. M. (2002). The relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: a research note. Accounting Organizations & Society, 27, 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00028-4

Philippe, D., & Durand, R. (2011). The impact of norm – conforming behaviors on firm reputation. Strategic Management Journal, 32, 969–993. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.919

Pizzetti, M., Gatti, L., & Seele, P. (2019). Firms Talk, suppliers walk: Analyzing the locus of greenwashing in the blame game and introducing ‘vicarious greenwashing’. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04406-2

Pomering, A., & Johnson, L. W. (2009). Constructing a corporate social responsibility reputation using corporate image advertising. Australasian Marketing Journal, 17, 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2009.05.006

Rahman, I., Park, J. D., & Chi, G. Q. C. (2015). Consequences of “greenwashing”: consumer’s reactions to hotel’s green initiatives. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27, 1054–1081. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2014-0202

Ramesh, M., & Rai, N. D. (2017). Trading on conservation: A marine protected area as an ecological fix. Marine Policy, 82, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.04.020

Ramus, C. A., & Montiel, I. (2005). When are corporate environmental policies a form of greenwashing? Business & Society, 44, 377–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650305278120

Relaño, F. (2011). Maximizing social return in the banking sector. Corporate Governance International Journal of Business in Society, 11, 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720701111138698

Rivera, J., Bowen, F. E., Delmas, M., et al. (2014). After greenwashing: New directions on the symbol and substance of environmental responsiveness. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2014, 11858–11858. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.11858symposium

Rodgers, M., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Roberts, H., Britten, N., & Popay, J. (2009). Testing methodological guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews effectiveness of interventions to promote smoke alarm ownership and function. Evaluation, 15(1), 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389008097871

Romero, P. (2008). Beware of green marketing, warns Greenpeace exec. ABS-CBN. www.abs-cbnnews.com/special-report/09/16/08/beware-green-marketing-warns-greenpeace-exec

Roulet, T. J., & Touboul, S. (2015). The intentions with which the road is paved: Attitudes to liberalism as determinants of greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 128, 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2097-8

Seele, P., & Gatti, L. (2015). Greenwashing revisited: In search of a typology and accusation-based definition incorporating legitimacy strategies. Business Strategy & the Environment, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1912

Siano, A., Vollero, A., Conte, F., & Amabile, S. (2017). “More than words”: Expanding the taxonomy of greenwashing after the Volkswagen scandal. Journal of Business Research, 71, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.11.002

Smart, B. (1992). Beyond compliance – a new industry view of the environment. World Resources Institute.

Smith, V. L., & Font, X. (2014). Volunteer tourism, greenwashing and understanding responsible marketing using market signalling theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22, 942–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.871021

Snyder, R. (1989). Misleading characteristics of implied-superiority claims. Journal of Advertising, 18, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1989.10673167

Solomon, J. F., & Rhianon Pel Edgley, C. (2008). The abandoned mandatory OFR: a lost opportunity for SER? Social Responsibility Journal, 4, 324–348. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110810892848

Stephenson, E., Doukas, A., & Shaw, K. (2012). “Greenwashing gas: Might a ‘transition fuel’ label legitimize carbon-intensive natural gas development?”. Energy Policy, 46, 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.010

Sun, Z., & Zhang, W. (2019). Do government regulations prevent greenwashing? An evolutionary game analysis of heterogeneous enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1489–1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.335

TerraChoice. (2009). The seven sins of greenwashing. TerraChoice Environmental Marketing Inc., Ottawa, ON.

Testa, F., Boiral, O., & Iraldo, F. (2018). Internalization of environmental practices and institutional complexity: Can stakeholders pressures encourage greenwashing? Journal of Business Ethics, 147, 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2960-2

Ulusoy, E., & Barretta, P. G. (2016). How green are you, really? Consumers’ skepticism toward brands with green claims. Journal of Global Responsibility, 7. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-11-2015-0021

Uyar, A., Karaman, A. S., & Kilic, M. (2020). Is corporate social responsibility reporting a tool of signaling or greenwashing? Evidence from the worldwide logistics sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.119997

Walker, K., & Wan, F. (2012). The harm of symbolic actions and green-washing: Corporate actions and communications on environmental performance and their financial implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 109, 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1122-4

Walls, J. L., & Hoffman, A. J. (2013). Exceptional boards: Environmental experience and positive deviance from institutional norms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1813

Walsh, G., Hennig-Thurau, T., & Mitchell, V. (2007). Consumer confusion proneness: scale development, validation, and application. Journal of Marketing Management, 23, 697–721. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725707X230009

Wang, H., Ma, B., & Bai, R. (2019). The spillover effect of greenwashing behaviours: An experimental approach. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 38(3), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-01-2019-0006

Wang, Z., & Sarkis, J. (2017). Corporate social responsibility governance, outcomes, and financial performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 1607–1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.142

Yu, E. P.-y., Luu, B. V., & Chen, C. H. (2020). Greenwashing in environmental, social and governance disclosures. Research in International Business and Finance, 52, 101192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101192

Zhang, L., Li, D., Cao, C., & Huang, S. (2018). The influence of greenwashing perception on green purchasing intentions: The mediating role of green word-of-mouth and moderating role of green concern. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 740–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.201

Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., Cordeiro, J. J., & Lai, K.-H. (2008). Firm-level correlates of emergent green supply chain management practices in the Chinese context. Omega, 36, 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2006.11.009